Lab-on-a-chip for In Vitro Diagnosis: Manipulating the Power of Nanoparticles

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology, in conjunction with nanoparticles, offers a promising approach for in vitro diagnosis. The pivotal role of nanoparticles in LOC-based diagnostics is elaborated in this chapter, covering their properties, functionalization techniques, and key applications. The fundamentals of LOC technology, including microfluidics and on-chip laboratory function integration, are discussed, emphasizing the advantages of LOC systems in diagnostic applications such as miniaturization and increased efficiency. Functionalized nanoparticles enable specific biomarker targeting and enhance detection sensitivity, leading to more precise and reliable diagnoses. The significance of efficient sample preparation and handling in successful in vitro diagnosis is underscored, alongside the use of nanoparticles for sample purification, concentration, and manipulation using LOC devices. The chapter further explores assay development and detection, highlighting nanoparticles’ utility as labels or probes. Their employment in amplification strategies and multiplexing enables heightened sensitivity and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. The application of LOC technology in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is examined, emphasizing its advantages in terms of portability, rapid testing, and improved healthcare accessibility. Integrating nanoparticle-based assays into POC settings facilitates faster and more accurate diagnoses at the point of need. The chapter concludes by discussing challenges, future perspectives, and potential advancements in the field.