Development and Validation of Noninvasive MRI‐Based Signature for Preoperative Prediction of Early Recurrence in Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Background Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of hepatobiliary tumor. For perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA), patients who experience early recurrence (ER) have a poor prognosis. Preoperative accurate prediction of postoperative ER can avoid unnecessary operation; however, prediction is challenging. Purpose To develop a novel signature based on clinical and/or MRI radiomics features of pCCA to preoperatively predict ER. Study Type Retrospective. Population One hundred eighty‐four patients (median age, 61.0 years; interquartile range: 53.0–66.8 years) including 115 men and 69 women. Field Strength/Sequence A 1.5 T; volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination ( VIBE ) sequence. Assessment The models were developed from the training set (128 patients) and validated in a separate testing set (56 patients). The contrast‐enhanced arterial and portal vein phase MR images of hepatobiliary system were used for extracting radiomics features. The correlation analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression (LR), backward stepwise LR were mainly used for radiomics feature selection and modeling (Model radiomic ). The univariate and multivariate backward stepwise LR were used for preoperative clinical predictors selection and modeling (Model clinic ). The radiomics and preoperative clinical predictors were combined by multivariate LR method to construct clinic‐radiomics nomogram (Model combine ). Statistical Tests Chi‐squared ( χ 2 ) test or Fisher's exact test, Mann–Whitney U ‐test or t ‐test, Delong test. Two tailed P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Based on the comparison of area under the curves (AUC) using Delong test, Model clinic and Model combine had significantly better performance than Model radiomic and tumor‐node‐metastasis (TNM) system in training set. In the testing set, both Model clinic and Model combine had significantly better performance than TNM system, whereas only Model combine was significantly superior to Model radiomic . However, the AUC values were not significantly different between Model clinic and Model combine ( P = 0.156 for training set and P = 0.439 for testing set). Data Conclusion A noninvasive model combining the MRI‐based radiomics signature and clinical variables is potential to preoperatively predict ER for pCCA. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 4