Pores and Ridges: High-Resolution Fingerprint Matching Using Level 3 Features

Fingerprint friction ridge details are generally described in a hierarchical order at three different levels, namely, level 1 (pattern), level 2 (minutia points), and level 3 (pores and ridge contours). Although latent print examiners frequently take advantage of level 3 features to assist in identification, automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) currently rely only on level 1 and level 2 features. In fact, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) standard of fingerprint resolution for AFIS is 500 pixels per inch (ppi), which is inadequate for capturing level 3 features, such as pores. With the advances in fingerprint sensing technology, many sensors are now equipped with dual resolution (500 ppi/1,000 ppi) scanning capability. However, increasing the scan resolution alone does not necessarily provide any performance improvement in fingerprint matching, unless an extended feature set is utilized. As a result, a systematic study to determine how much performance gain one can achieve by introducing level 3 features in AFIS is highly desired. We propose a hierarchical matching system that utilizes features at all the three levels extracted from 1,000 ppi fingerprint scans. Level 3 features, including pores and ridge contours, are automatically extracted using Gabor filters and wavelet transform and are locally matched using the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. Our experiments show that level 3 features carry significant discriminatory information. There is a relative reduction of 20 percent in the equal error rate (EER) of the matching system when level 3 features are employed in combination with level 1 and 2 features. This significant performance gain is consistently observed across various quality fingerprint images