MOF-based materials for photo- and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in photo- and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction into value-added chemicals. In this review, we specially focus on the active sites of MOF-based materials to achieve visible-light absorption and efficient charge separation for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, and conductivity for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, respectively. Firstly, the unique characteristics of MOF-based materials for catalytic CO2 reduction are introduced. Subsequently, an overview on the recent progress and development of MOF-based materials for catalytic CO2 reduction are summarized by categorizing the types of the MOF-based materials and the origin of the active sites. The active metal nodes/clusters and organic ligands can be assembled in pristine MOFs for catalytic CO2 reduction. Diverse active species are also popular to integrate with MOFs to form MOF composites for catalytic CO2 reduction. Besides, MOFs and their composites are intensively explored as templates and/or precursors to synthesize MOF derivatives for catalytic CO2 reduction. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for further development towards MOF-based materials for CO2 reduction are proposed. We have tried our best to summarize the MOF-based materials for photo- and electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, aiming to inspire further ideas and exploration in this research field.