Assessment of state and trait anxiety: Endler multidimensional anxiety scales

Abstract The Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS) are self-report measures of multidimensional trait anxiety, state anxiety and perception of situations. The scales were administered to samples of students, adults, and clinical patients. Normative data and reliabilities of the EMAS are reported. Concurrent and construct validity studies are discussed. In general, the data support the conclusion that the EMAS are reliable and valid measures of multidimensional trait and state anxiety. Theoretical and practical uses of the scales are discussed, including their relationship to the interaction model of personality and their uses in clinical and other applied settings.