Dependence of Cell Failure on Cut-Off Voltage Ranges and Observation of Kinetic Hindrance in LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2

The dependence of differential capacity versus voltage (dQ/dV) of Li/NCA half cells on temperature and testing current (C-rate) was studied. Kinetic hindrance of lithium diffusion at both low (∼3.5 V vs Li/Li + ) and high states of charge (∼4.17 V) was observed. In-situ X-ray diffraction measured the volume changes of the NCA lattice versus state of charge. NCA/graphite pouch cells were cycled in various voltage ranges to explore the impacts of depth of discharge (DOD) ranges and the kinetic hindrance regions in NCA on cell failure. dV/dQ analysis, full cell impedance and symmetric cell impedance analysis as well as half-cell studies of recovered electrodes were performed after 0, ∼400 and 800 charge-discharge cycles. The contributions of active mass loss and shift loss (from loss of Li inventory) to the capacity fade of NCA/graphite cells under various testing conditions were determined. The increase in positive electrode charge transfer impedance with cycle number was proportional to the increase of positive electrode active mass loss. There was no strong correlation between positive electrode active mass loss and lattice volume change. NCA active mass loss during cycling can be minimized when the dQ/dV peaks at ∼3.5 and 4.17 V (vs. Li/Li + ), that show kinetic hindrance, are partially or completely avoided.