Integrating S-scheme Heterojunctions and Photothermal Effects for Enhanced Solar-Driven Catalysis

Abstract The efficient conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels and value-added products requires simultaneous optimization of photogenerated carrier utilization and surface reaction kinetics. However, conventional photocatalytic systems are generally limited by inefficient charge separation, while thermal catalytic strategies often require external energy input and harsh operating conditions. From a fundamental perspective, the development of photothermal S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts represents a charge-thermal coupling strategy, in which S-scheme heterojunctions primarily regulate the thermodynamic pathway of photogenerated carriers by inducing directional charge transfer, internal electric fields, and selective carrier recombination, whereas photothermal effects provide kinetic activation through localized heat generation and accelerated surface reaction processes. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in photothermal-assisted S-scheme heterojunction catalysis based on this thermodynamic-kinetic synergy. The fundamental principles governing S-scheme charge migration and photothermal energy conversion are discussed, with particular emphasis on their complementary roles in improving carrier utilization and catalytic reaction efficiency. Representative photothermal S-scheme architectures, including self-heated, dual-thermogenic, and externally assisted systems, are comprehensively analyzed by correlating material composition, interfacial structure, defect engineering, and thermal-management strategies with catalytic performance. Furthermore, the influence of localized photothermal fields on interfacial charge dynamics, reactant activation, and reaction pathways is critically evaluated to clarify the intrinsic charge-thermal interactions. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives for rationally designing high-performance photothermal S-scheme catalytic systems are proposed. This review provides a mechanistic understanding of charge-thermal coupling in advanced solar-driven catalysis and offers valuable insights into the development of next-generation photocatalytic materials.