Current In Vitro Models of Oral Lichen Planus for Investigating Pathogenesis and Facilitating Drug Discovery: A Narrative Review

This review addresses this critical gap by evaluating existing in vitro models, establishing validation criteria for developing reliable disease models, and identifying key challenges, including the absence of a fully functional immune system, lack of salivary immune components, and difficulties in maintaining stable long-term cultures. By synthesizing current evidence and limitations, we provide a framework for advancing bioengineered platforms and personalized medicine approaches to develop effective, patient-specific therapies for OLP.