Genetic evidence for causal effects of lifestyle factors, psychiatric factors, and socioeconomic status on various spinal disorders

The results of the study emphasize the importance of addressing certain modifiable risk factors to reduce the burden of spinal diseases and improve the health status of the population. Key messages What is already known on this topic: Several retrospective and epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between certain lifestyle, psychiatric, socioeconomic factors, and the risk of developing spinal disorders. However, there are no studies that have verified a positive causal relationship between these associations. What this study adds: This study employed a rigorous Mendelian randomization strategy to confirm and quantify the causal effects of known risk factors, thereby confirming the directionality of causality. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy: This study provides a scientific foundation for developing precise prevention strategies and public health policies targeting modifiable risk factors.