Recent progress in lanthanide-based metal halide perovskites: Synthesis, properties, and applications

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have recently attracted significant interest, owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties and diverse applications, including photovoltaics, solid-state lighting emitting diodes (LEDs), and other optoelectronic applications. However, owing to the toxic nature of lead-based MHPs, lanthanide-based MHPs have recently emerged as an alternative, leading to new opportunities for emerging applications, such as in near-infrared (NIR) imaging, NIR cameras, white LEDs, photovoltaics, and information encryption. Moreover, lanthanide doping significantly enhances the stability and optical properties of MHPs. In this review, we have attempted to overview state-of-the-art synthesis strategies and investigate the structural, and optical properties of MHPs. Furthermore, several applications of MHPs, white LEDs, solar cells, and temperature sensors are discussed along with outlooks and future directions.