A non-pharmacological intervention for insomnia: tryptophan-fructooligosaccharides combination improves sleep in mice via anti-inflammation and gut microbiota modulation

< 0.05) respectively. Our findings suggest that the sleep-promoting effects of TF are mediated through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and gut microbiota modulation. This study highlights the potential of TF as an effective non-pharmacological intervention for insomnia.