Fluorescent microsphere-based strip for sensitive and quantitative detection of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and clidinium bromide in biological samples

. Recovery tests and detection were also conducted in water, urine and serum samples, validating the reliability of this method in clinical diagnosis, consistent with the results obtained from LC-MS/MS. Collectively, the ICA provides a promising choice for rapid on-site diagnosis of QNB and CB exposure.