In Situ/Operando Characterization Techniques for Reaction Interface in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Abstract CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) has attracted considerable attention as a sustainable approach for carbon capture and conversion. However, the dynamic nature of electrocatalysts under operational conditions, particularly at the reaction interface, presents significant challenges for understanding reaction mechanisms and optimizing catalyst design. In situ/operando characterization techniques are crucial to understanding the reaction interfaces and mechanisms of CO 2 RR. This review focuses on various in situ/operando techniques employed to explore reaction interfaces, the insights derived from these studies, and their implications for catalyst design.