Developing Conductive Materials for Peripheral Nerve Interfaces

Peripheral nerve interfaces serve as critical bridges between the nervous system and external devices, with wide-ranging applications in nerve repair and neuroelectronics. However, conventional interface materials often present mechanical and biological mismatches with native neural tissues, limiting their long-term performance and biocompatibility. In recent years, conductive materials have garnered increasing attention in the development of peripheral nerve interfaces due to their excellent electrical conductivity and multifunctional design potential. By enabling flexible architectures, enhancing interfacial compatibility, and incorporating biofunctional elements, these materials facilitate efficient signal transmission and precise neuromodulation. Here, recent advances in the application of conductive materials in peripheral nerve interfaces is systematically highlighted, with a focus on their roles in electrode coatings, implantable electrode substrates, and bioactive scaffolds for nerve regeneration. We further discuss the key challenges facing the field and provide perspectives on future directions toward clinical transition.