Body fluid prediction from microbial patterns for forensic application

The association of a DNA profile with a certain body fluid can be of essential importance in the evaluation of biological evidence. Several alternative methods for body fluid prediction have been proposed to improve the currently used presumptive tests. Most of them measure gene expression. Here we present a novel approach based on microbial taxonomic profiles obtained by standard 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We used saliva deposited on skin as a forensically relevant study model, but the same principle can be applied for predicting other bacteria rich body fluids. For classification we used standard pattern recognition based on principal component analysis in combination with linear discriminant analysis. A cross-validation of the experimental data shows that the new method is able to successfully classify samples from saliva deposited on skin and samples from pure skin in 94% of the cases. We found that there is a person-effect influencing the result, especially from skin, indicating that a reference sample of pure skin microbiota from the same person could improve accuracy. In addition the pattern recognition methods could be further optimized. Although there is room for improvement, this study shows the potential of microbial profiles as a new forensic tool for body fluid prediction.