Modeling Entrepreneurial Orientation: Conceptualization and Measurement Issues

The primary purpose of this article is to argue the problems in both conceptualization and measurement of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) construct. EO is one of the most important constructs in the field of entrepreneurship, thus, it is crucial to discuss problems of conceptualization and measurement of EO for further development in the field. First, we critically review the shortcomings of current EO conceptualization by asking what EO means. Second, we argue that both reflective and formative measurement models of EO are more or less problematic. Third, based on our discussion, we conclude with a recommendation that the dimensions should be analyzed separately instead of constraining the antecedents or consequences of the dimensions to be the same.