Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel berberine derivatives

Abstract BACKGROUND The threats to the safety of humans and the environment and the resistance of agricultural chemicals to plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria highlight an urgent need to find safe and efficient alternatives to chemical fungicides and bactericides. In this study, a series of Berberine (BBR) derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity against plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. RESULTS Bioassay results indicated that compounds A11 , A14 , A20 , A21 , A22 , A25 , A26 , E1 , E2 , E3 , Z1 and Z2 showed high inhibitory activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea . Especially, A25 showed a broad spectrum and the highest antifungal activity among these compounds. Its EC 50 value against Botrytis cinerea was 1.34 μg mL −1 . Compound E6 possessed high inhibitory activity against Xanthomonas oryzae and Xanthomonas Campestris , with MIC 90 values of 3.12 μg mL −1 and 1.56 μg mL −1 . A Topomer CoMFA model was generated for 3D‐QSAR studies based on anti‐ B. cinerea effects, with high predictive accuracy, showed that the addition of an appropriate substituent group at the para‐position of benzyl of BBR derivatives could effectively improve the anti‐ B. cinerea activity. In addition, compound A25 could significantly inhibit the spore germination of Botrytis cinerea at low concentration, and compound F4 exhibited remarkable curative and protective efficiencies on rice bacterial leaf blight. CONCLUSION This study indicates that the BBR derivatives are hopeful for further exploration as the lead compound with novel antimicrobial agents. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.