Efficient and cold-tolerant moisture-enabled power generator combining ionic diode and ionic hydrogel

The ionic diode structure has become one of the attractive structures in the field of moisture-based power generation. However, existing devices still suffer from poor moisture trapping, low surface charge, and inefficient ion separation, resulting in low output power. Moreover, water freezes at low temperatures (<0 °C), limiting the ionic diode structure to generate electricity in cold environments. In this paper, a moisture-enabled power generator has been designed and fabricated, which assembles a negatively charged ionic hydrogel film and a positively charged anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) film to construct a heterojunction. The hydrogel polymer network is modified with a large number of sulfonate groups that dissociate to provide nanoscale pores with high surface charge to improve the rectification ratio. And the lithium chloride (LiCl) salt with high hydration ability is added to the hydrogel as a moisture-trapping and anti-freezing component. Usually salt ions reduce the Debye length, so that the ion transport is finally not controlled by the electric double layer (EDL) and the rectification fails. Interestingly, due to the natural affinity of the hydrogel polymer network for LiCl, LiCl is locked on the hydrogel side and does not easily enter the AAO pores to change the distribution of EDL within the nanochannel. As a result, the device rectification ratio is almost independent of the amount of LiCl addition, demonstrating an excellent balance of high output power and high freeze resistance. Ultimately, the device exhibits excellent power generation performance in the -20 °C to 60 °C temperature range and 15% to 93% RH humidity range. Typically, under high humidity (93% RH) at room temperature (25 °C), it provides an open-circuit voltage of 1.25 V and a short-circuit current of 300 μA cm^-2, with an on-load output power of up to 71.35 μW cm^-2. Under medium humidity (50% RH) at low temperature (-20 °C), it provides an open-circuit voltage of 1.11 V and a short-circuit current of 15 μA cm^-2.