Deep‐Sea Mining Finance: Balancing Investment Risks, Environmental Responsibility and Financial Opportunities for Sustainable Technology and Impacts

ABSTRACT Deep‐sea mining (DSM) has garnered global attention as a potential solution to the critical metals supply–demand gap, particularly for green technologies addressing climate change. However, environmental concerns pose significant challenges. Aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), DSM requires innovative financial frameworks to balance economic opportunities and ecological risks. This paper critically examines the financial complexities of DSM, which are marked by market fluctuations, legal uncertainties, and geopolitical factors. It proposes a holistic strategy integrating technological innovation, sustainable practices, stakeholder collaboration and global sustainability alignment. Key recommendations are mitigating environmental impacts, optimising financial instruments, employing rehabilitation funds, analysing ecological effects and diversifying investments. By addressing these aspects, the study aims to advance sustainable DSM financing and inform essential research preceding the commercial extraction of critical metals.