Congenital cardiac anomalies in non‐syndromic cleft lip and cleft palate patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract The aim was to establish a specific and definite connection between non‐syndromic orofacial cleft patients and associated congenital heart disease (CHD). Following PRISMA guidelines, selective databases were searched for data collection. Studies showing a definite association of CHD with orofacial cleft were included, and studies non‐specific of the association of orofacial cleft with CHD were excluded. Data extraction criteria were study design, frequency of CHD in overall non‐syndromic orofacial cleft and in specific cleft type, and most prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly. DerSimonian Laird random effects model was used to estimate the pooled proportion of CHD, along with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each measure. Publication bias was assessed using Fail‐Safe N analysis and the Rosenthel approach. Of a total of 182 articles searched, only 30 studies were assessed. The overall pooled estimate of the proportion of CHD in total cleft lips/palates was 16% (95% CI: 13–19). The odds of developing CHD in cleft palates was 4.08 times more as compared to cleft lips with 95% CIs of 3.86–4.33, and 1.65 more as compared to cleft lips and palates both with 95% CI of 1.52–1.68. We affirm the upsurging prevalence of CHD in non‐syndromic cleft children and vehemently propose that it is of utmost importance to inculcate it in practice and policy‐making to screen all non‐syndromic orofacial cleft children for congenital cardiac anomaly. This study was registered on PROSPERO (ID no. CRD42023391597) on February 24, 2023.