From past to present: a review on advancements in luminescent and fluorescent materials for latent fingerprint developments

The utilization of analytical techniques in deciphering forensic investigation cases represents a significant advancement. Investigators are adept at scrutinizing minute details of evidence, including latent fingerprints, DNA, and bloodstain patterns. Fingerprints stand as paramount biometric evidence for personal identification, widely employed by law enforcement agencies globally due to their uniqueness. This distinct characteristic arises from the presence of various minutiae within the fingerprint patterns, necessitating specialized personnel for meticulous development. Thus, there arises a need for analytical phenomena like luminescence and fluorescence to facilitate the visualization of latent fingerprint patterns (LFPs). Currently, various organic and inorganic fluorescent compounds are used by forensic investigators for fingerprint development. These fluorescent compounds function by binding to specific components within sweat pores located on frictional ridges of fingerprint patterns, thus rendering them visible. This review discusses materials with fluorescence, and additional properties such as aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and highlights the properties, applications, and notable drawbacks of these materials. The primary aim of this review is to spotlight existing techniques, their limitations, and the latest research endeavours in the quest for the most optimal material for fingerprint development. Such material should possess all essential features while minimizing constraints, thereby bolstering forensic investigations on a global scale.