Towards more accurate molecular dynamics calculation of thermal conductivity: Case study of GaN bulk crystals

Significant differences exist among literature for thermal conductivity of various systems computed using molecular dynamics simulation. In some cases, unphysical results, for example, negative thermal conductivity, have been found. Using GaN as an example case and the direct nonequilibrium method, extensive molecular dynamics simulations and Monte Carlo analysis of the results have been carried out to quantify the uncertainty level of the molecular dynamics methods and to identify the conditions that can yield sufficiently accurate calculations of thermal conductivity. We found that the errors of the calculations are mainly due to the statistical thermal fluctuations. Extrapolating results to the limit of an infinite-size system tend to magnify the errors and occasionally lead to unphysical results. The error in bulk estimates can be reduced by performing longer time averages using properly selected systems over a range of sample lengths. If the errors in the conductivity estimates associated with each of the sample lengths are kept below a certain threshold, the likelihood of obtaining unphysical bulk values becomes insignificant. Using a Monte Carlo approach developed here, we have determined the probability distributions for the bulk thermal conductivities obtained using the direct method. We also have observed a nonlinear effect that can become a source of significant errors. For the extremely accurate results presented here, we predict a [0001] GaN thermal conductivity of $185\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$ at 300 K, $102\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$ at 500 K, and $74\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$ at 800 K. Using the insights obtained in the work, we have achieved a corresponding error level (standard deviation) for the bulk (infinite sample length) GaN thermal conductivity of less than $10\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$, $5\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$, and $15\text{ }\text{W}/\text{K}\text{ }\text{m}$ at 300 K, 500 K, and 800 K, respectively.