Effect of hexavalent chromium on the environment and removal techniques: A review

Despite the importance of chromium (Cr) in most anthropogenic activities, the subsequent environmental adulteration is now a source of major concern. Cr occurs in numerous oxidation states, with the furthermost stable and frequently occur states being Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(0) and Cr(III) are vital trace elements while Cr(VI) is dispensable and noxious to living organisms. Predominantly in plants, Cr at low concentrations of about 0.05–1 mg/L assist to boost growth as well as increase productivity. However, accumulation of Cr could represent a potential threat to living organisms. Cr absorption, displacement and accretion depend on its speciation, which also determines its toxicity which is often diverse. Indications of its toxicity include; reduction of seed germination, retardation of growth, reduction of yield, inhibition of enzymatic activities, weakening of photosynthesis, nutrient, oxidative disparities and genetic mutation in plants as well as several injurious diseases in animals and humans. In this study, we have presented a comprehensive review as well as an informative account of the influence of Cr on the environment drawn from researches carried out over the years following an analytical approach. Uniquely, this work presents a review of the effects and remediation of Cr from soil and wastewater drawn from several evidence and meta-data-based articles and other publications. Accordingly, the write-up is intended to appeal to the consciousness of the general public that the significance of Cr notwithstanding, its environmental toxicity should not be taken for granted.