Multipathway In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of Specialized Proresolving G Protein-Coupled Receptors

Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) and their cognate G protein-coupled receptors are implicated in autoimmune disorders, including chronic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic scleroderma, and lupus erythematosus. To date, six G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been paired with numerous endogenous and synthetic ligands. However, the function and downstream signaling of these receptors remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically expressed each receptor in a human embryonic kindney 293 (HEK293)-Flp-In-CD8a-FLAG cell system. Each receptor was pharmacologically characterized with both synthetic and putative endogenous ligands across different signaling assays, covering both G protein-dependent (Gs, Gi, and Gq) and independent mechanisms (β-arrestin2 recruitment). Three orphan GPCRs previously identified as SPM receptors (GPR 18, GPR32 and GPR37) failed to express in HEK 293 cells. Although we were unsuccessful in identifying an endogenous ligand for formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2)/lipoxin A4 receptor (ALX), with only a modest response to N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), we did reveal clear signaling bias away from extracelluar signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation for the clinically tested agonist N-(2-{[4-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl]methyl}-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2-methyl-5-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazole-4-carboxamide (ACT-389949), adding further evidence for its poor efficacy in two phase I studies. We also identified neuroprotectin D1 as a new leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) agonist, implying an alternative target for the neuroprotective effects of the ligand. We confirmed activity for resolvin E1 (RvE1) at BLT1 but failed to observe any response at the chemerin1 receptor. This study provides some much-needed clarity around published receptor-ligand pairings but indicates that the expression and function of these SPM GPCRs remains very much context-dependent. In addition, the identification of signaling bias at FPR2/ALX may assist in guiding design of new FPR2/ALX agonists for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensibly show how several natural mediators and synthetic ligands signal through three specialized proresolving mediator GPCRs using multiple ligands from different classes across four-six endpoint signaling assays. This study discovers new ligand pairings, refutes others, reveals poly-pharmacology, and identifies biased agonism in formyl peptide receptor 2/lipoxin A4 receptor pharmacology. This study highlights the potential of these receptors in treating specific autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus.