An overview for offshore floating photovoltaic structures and their fluid dynamic issues

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) power generation technology in freshwater has addressed some of the limitations of traditional land-based photovoltaics and has seen rapid development over the past decade. Meanwhile, the application of FPV in marine environments has become an important area of research. The marine environment, characterized by its unique conditions such as salinity, wave action, and high humidity, differs significantly from terrestrial settings. Under similar lighting conditions, the open sea, which enjoys long hours of sunshine and high solar radiation, results in higher light utilization efficiency for offshore floating photovoltaic (OFPV) projects, thereby significantly enhancing power generation. However, ensuring the survival of OFPV in extreme natural conditions remains the greatest challenge for the future implementation of such projects. This paper first outlines the development of FPV systems, analyzing the forms, characteristics, and applicability of various floating structures in marine environments. The focus of the paper is on the fluid dynamic challenges that OFPV structures face under wave and wind loads. Based on the design feasibility of different OFPV structures, the paper reviews research findings on related structures from a design feasibility perspective and specifically introduces the core analytical methods for fluid dynamic calculations of OFPV systems with multi-module connections and membrane structures. Finally, the paper proposes potential future development directions for OFPV systems, highlighting areas for further research and innovation.