Review and Perspectives of Monolithic Metal–Organic Frameworks: Toward Industrial Applications

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their large surface area and high structural tunability, which lead to a wide range of applications. Owing to excellent properties of MOFs in various applications, the synthesis process of MOFs has been gradually developed with high yields and stable shapes to fulfill industrial requirements. However, the industrial usage of traditional powder-formed MOFs is limited because powder may lead to safety issues and disperse easily. Therefore, MOFs with different shapes and standard properties are required for applications. This review has summarized currently reported methods for shaping MOFs, e.g., binder-based, high-pressure, surfactant-assisted, supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ), and sol–gel processes. The industrial applications based on shaped MOFs are summarized to support future studies on the formation of MOFs with stable shapes.