Thermal‐Accelerated Urease‐Driven Bowl‐Like Polydopamine Nanorobot for Targeted Photothermal/Photodynamic Antibiotic‐Free Antibacterial Therapy

Abstract The problem of antibiotic resistance seriously affects the treatment of bacterial infections, so there is an urgent need to develop novel antibiotic‐independent antimicrobial strategies. Herein, a urease‐driven bowl‐like mesoporous polydopamine nanorobot (MPDA@ICG@Ur@Man) based on single‐wavelength near‐infrared (NIR) remote photothermal acceleration to achieve antibiotic‐free phototherapy(photothermal therapy, PTT, plus photodynamic therapy, PDT) is first reported. The smart nanorobots can perform active movement by decomposing urea to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia. Particularly, the elevated local temperature during PTT can increase urease activity to enhance the autonomous movement and thus increase the contact between the antimicrobial substance and bacteria. Compared with a nanomotor propelled by urea only, the diffusion coefficient ( D e ) of photothermal‐accelerated nanorobots is increased from 1.10 to 1.26 µm 2 s −1 . More importantly, urease‐driven bowl‐like nanorobots with photothermal enhancement can specifically identify Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and achieve simultaneous PTT/PDT at a single wavelength with 99% antibactericidal activity in vitro. In a word, the urease‐driven bowl‐like nanorobots guided by photothermal‐accelerated strategy could provide a novel perspective for increasing PTT/PDT antibacterial therapeutic efficacy and be promising for various antibiotic‐free sterilization applications.