Potato expressing Cry1C and Cry2A confers resistance to Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

BACKGROUND: As the third most important global food crop, potato plays a vital role in ensuring food security and poverty alleviation. However, its production is severely threatened by the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella; PTM), a destructive pest that damages foliage during growth and bores into tubers during storage, causing yield losses of 85-100% under severe infestations. Traditional reliance on chemical pesticides poses challenges such as environmental pollution, pesticide residues, and increased production costs, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. RESULT: In this study, Cry1C and Cry2A genes were expressed in potato cultivar E3 via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, generating single-copy transgenic lines with high gene expression. Bioassays showed that PTM larvae feeding on transgenic leaves exhibited significantly elevated mortality (>35.4%), with the Cry1C-2 line achieving 60.4% mortality within 24 h. Notably, the highest-expressing Cry1C and Cry2A transgenic lines caused 100% larval mortality within 4 and 7 days, respectively, demonstrating complete lethality against PTM. Histological analysis confirmed that Bt proteins induced midgut epithelial cell lysis and peritrophic membrane disruption, directly leading to insect death. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate that Cry2A expression in potato confers resistance to PTM. It provides novel genetic resources for insect-resistant potato breeding and proposes a gene pyramiding strategy to delay the onset of resistance evolution in pest populations. Future research should focus on evaluating field resistance durability and investigating potential synergistic effects between Cry1C/Cry2A and other Bt proteins to develop multi-target pest management systems. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.