Chemistry of “In‐Water” Reactions: Spotlights on Micellar and Phase‐Transfer Catalysis

Custom-designed additives play a crucial role in achieving desired transformations under aqueous conditions in modern organic synthesis. In micellar catalysis, designer amphiphilic molecules create dynamic supramolecular structures that can dissolve reactants and catalysts in aqueous conditions. This enables the desired transformations to occur in mild aqueous conditions without the need for hazardous organic solvents. Additionally, additives such as tetra -butyl ammonium chloride or bromides can facilitate reactions through the efficient transfer of reactive species between non-miscible biphasic systems. This method, known as phase-transfer catalysis, has been instrumental in achieving challenging asymmetric reactions in modern organic synthesis. This chapter overviews recent advancements in these respective fields, outlining the fundamental principles underlying their operational mechanisms.