Internal short circuit mechanisms, experimental approaches and detection methods of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: A review

Energy security, environmental concerns, and the upgrading of automobile industry are the driving trifecta of the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs). Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the primary power source for EVs, given their high energy/power density and long service lifetime. However, safety is still a big challenge facing the population of LIBs. Internal short circuit (ISC) is one of the root causes for the failure of LIBs, whereas the mechanism of ISC formation and evolution is still unclear. This paper provides a comprehensive review of formation mechanisms, evolution framework, experimental approaches, detection methods and mitigation strategies of ISC in LIBs. Learning from the typical safety accidents of LIBs, ISC primarily which caused by typical factors is intensively investigated. Later, the behavior and evolution framework of ISC are profoundly elaborated. The ISC experimental approaches are systematically classified into conventional experimental approaches and novel experimental approaches, and their advantages and drawbacks are summarized in detail, respectively. Further, ISC detection methods including offline and online detection methods are comprehensively analyzed. Finally, an insight into the research perspective of ISC mitigation is provided.