A modern view on potential biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease (review)

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most widespread neurodegenerative diseases. In spite of the large number of researches, the problem of earlier diagnosis and targeted pathogenetic therapy remains relevant. For more than 20 years, scientists have been continuing to study potential diagnostic and prognostic PD biomarkers. An accurate diagnostic biomarker can help identify PD before motor symptoms occur, or when motor and non-motor symptoms are insufficient to diagnose, and also can be used to differentiate between idiopathic PD and other forms of parkinsonism.The aim of the research is to analyze the last studies of potential PD biomarkers in human biological fluids.Conclusions. Most studies of recent years indicate that the level of total α-synuclein, its oligomers in blood plasma and its formed elements is elevated in patients at the early stages of PD, and it can be a valuable prognostic biomarker for disease progression, in particular its motor symptoms. Studies of the level of this potential biomarker not only in blood plasma and its formed elements, but also in neuronal exosomes, are promising. The negative impact of oxidative stress in PD is a significant trigger for irreversible pathogenetic processes that affect the development of neurodegenerative changes. Perspectives of further researches may lay not only in identifying the concentrations of nitrotyrosine and oxidative stress components and antioxidants in the blood of PD patients, but also in determining of the effect of antiparkinsonian and neuroprotective drugs on the antioxidant system in order to pathogenetically justify their use for reducing of oxidative stress. It is promising to study the activity of melatonin in the context of its relationship with the components of oxidative stress and antioxidants by determining their concentrations in blood of PD patients.