Whole‐Course‐Repair Wound Dressing Based on Bovine Colostrum and Hyaluronic Acid for Diabetic Wound Repair Through Immunomodulation, Angiogenesis, and Re‐Epithelization

Excessive immune response, obstruction of angiogenesis, degradation of collagen deposition, and delayed re-epithelialization are the primary factors obstructing diabetic wound healing. Adequate and inclusive strategies are needed to address these challenges comprehensively. In this study, a whole-course-repair wound dressing (BC/HA) was simply fabricated to enhance diabetic wound closure. The BC/HA wound dressing, created by combining bovine colostrum (BC) with hyaluronic acid solution (HA), demonstrated good cytocompatibility, endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, and antibiofilm effects. Using a full-thickness diabetic wound model, we found that the BC/HA dressing effectively modulated the diabetic wound microenvironment. Specifically, it facilitated the conversion of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages to pro-regenerative M2 macrophages at a rate twice that of the control group. This transformation subsequently promoted endothelial cell migration to the wound sites during the inflammatory phase, resulting in over a 3.8-fold enhancement in vascular formation during the proliferation phase. Furthermore, the BC/HA wound dressing promoted re-epithelialization and facilitated the formation of dermal appendages, hair follicles, and glands in the remodeling phase. These findings shed light on the potential of the BC/HA wound dressing as a promising platform for chronic wound regeneration.