Electrochemical Performance of Bismuth‐Based Materials in Supercapacitors: A Comprehensive Overview

ABSTRACT The growing demand for efficient and sustainable energy storage technologies has stimulated extensive research into advanced supercapacitor electrode materials. Among these, bismuth‐based materials have attracted considerable attention because of their low cost, environmental friendliness, multiple oxidation states, and promising pseudocapacitive behavior. This review summarizes recent advances in bismuth‐based materials for supercapacitor applications, covering the fundamentals of supercapacitors, synthesis methods, charge storage mechanisms, and electrochemical performance. Various bismuth compounds, including bismuth chalcogenides, bismuth oxides, bismuth molybdates, and bismuth ferrites, are critically discussed with an emphasis on the relationship between their structure and electrochemical properties. Strategies such as metal‐ion doping, heterostructure engineering, and incorporation of conductive carbon materials are highlighted for enhancing conductivity, ion transport, and cycling stability. Finally, the current challenges and prospects, including scalable synthesis, operando characterization, computational material design, and flexible solid‐state devices, are discussed to facilitate the development of high‐performance and sustainable bismuth‐based supercapacitors.