Carbon felt coated with tungsten–bismuth-based oxides as highly active and selective negative electrodes for high power density all-vanadium redox flow batteries

To develop the VRFB negative electrode, W–Bi-based oxides were solvothermally synthesized on carbon felt (W–Bi@CF). The W–Bi 2 @CF electrode showed superior catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability, with great potential for employment in VRFBs.