Dietary polyphenols as geroprotective compounds: From Blue Zones to hallmarks of ageing

Following the demographic shift towards an ageing population over the past century, particularly in developed countries, the concept of healthspan has gained increasing acceptance as a key framework for understanding the drivers of healthy ageing. Accordingly, long-lived individuals, such as nonagenarians and centenarians, who remain free from chronic diseases, provide a valuable model to investigate the complex interplay of biological, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to exceptional longevity. Although there are other longevity hotspots worldwide, five regions, known as Blue Zones, are widely recognized for their exceptionally long-lived populations. Among the various determinants of healthy ageing, the eating patterns of long-lived individuals in Blue Zones include a variety of polyphenol-rich foods, which may contribute to their healthy phenotype. A significant body of evidence suggests that polyphenols, a large family of compounds ubiquitously found in plant-based foods, may exhibit geroprotective activity by influencing underlying biological mechanisms of ageing and promoting optimal longevity. While identifying several knowledge gaps that future investigations should address, the goal of this review is to provide an overview of how specific polyphenols found in foods commonly consumed by long-lived individuals residing in the Blue Zones may mitigate the risk of age-related diseases. Additionally, we discuss how these compounds, by acting on evolutionarily conserved mechanisms associated with ageing, have the potential to modulate the intricate network of the hallmarks of ageing.