Temporal patterns and driving factors of sediment carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stoichiometry in a eutrophication plateau lake

Stoichiometry determines the key characteristics of organisms and ecosystems on a global scale and provides strong instructions on the fate of sediment carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C-N-P) during the sedimentation process, contributing to the Earth's C-N-P balance. However, the mechanisms underlying C–N–P stoichiometry in response to intensive human activity and organic matter sources remain underexplored, especially in freshwater ecosystems. This study identifies the temporal patterns of C-N-P stoichiometry, reveals the inner driving factors, and clarifies its impact path, especially in eutrophication (the late 1970s). The results revealed that sediment RCP and RNP increased significantly and were controlled by TCAR and TNAR, respectively, indicating the direct impact of burial rate on C-N-P stoichiometry. Based on redundancy analysis and the STM model, autochthonous origin, GDP, and population had positive effects on sediment TCAR, TNAR, and TPAR, which, in turn, affected RCN, RCP, and RNP. Organic matter sources and human activities have a significant influence on RCN, RCP, and RNP, possibly regulated by the variation of TCAR and TNAR. Autochthonous origin had an indirect positive impact on RCN and RCP through the mediating effect of TCAR. Similarly, through the mediating effect of TNAR, it had an indirect negative impact on RCN and an indirect positive impact on RNP. This study showed that TCAR, TNAR, TPAR, GDP, autochthonous, allochthonous and population better explained the changes in RCN, RCP, and RNP over a-hundred-year deposition, highlighting an in-depth understanding of the dynamic change mechanism of sediment C-N-P stoichiometry during the lake deposition process.