Plant antimicrobial peptides: a comprehensive review of their classification, production, mode of action, functions, applications, and challenges

The emergence of pathogens resistant to conventional antibiotics and the growing interest in developing alternative natural antimicrobial agents have prompted a search for plant-derived antimicrobial peptides (PAMPs) in recent years. PAMPs have unique antimicrobial properties, including broad-spectrum activity, rapid killing, and cell selectivity, making them promising candidates for the treatment of animal and human infections caused by pathogens. PAMPs primarily target cell membranes or intracellular components in a variety of ways, which enables them to effectively kill a wide range of microorganisms and reduce the chance of pathogens developing resistance. This article reviewed the classification of PAMPs and the progress of research on the isolation and purification of PAMPs. In addition, a focus was placed on the mechanisms of action of PAMPs, the potential toxicity of PAMPs and their functions and applications in food, agricultural production, animal feed additives, medical, and other possible fields. Finally, the challenges associated with PAMPs applications have been discussed along with molecular-based delivery and chemical modification strategies to overcome these limitations. This review highlights the potential applications of PAMPs, which will not only help to reduce the misuse of antibiotics, but will also be useful for the development of new antimicrobial agents in the future.