Surface modification of ureteral stents: development history, classification, function, and future developments

Introduction Ureteral stents are commonly used in urology but are frequently associated with hematuria, abdominal discomfort, urinary tract infection, stent displacement, and stent encrustation. Surface modification of ureteral stents is beneficial to solve the problem, and these can be divided into coated stents and drug-eluting stents according to the modification method. Coated stents can be divided into hydrophilic coatings, antibacterial coatings, and anti-encrustation coatings. Drug-eluting stents can be divided into antimicrobial drug-eluting, antispasmodic analgesic drug-eluting, anti-ureteral stricture drug-eluting, and anti-tumor drug-eluting. Surface modification of ureteral stents can not only reduce complications related to ureteral stents but also strengthen the treatment of certain urologic diseases, which has a high clinical application value.Areas covered This review focuses on highlighting and summarizing the latest research progress about surface modification of ureteral stents, ureteral stent development history, classification, functions, and future development prospects.Expert Opinion The purpose of this article is to discuss surface modification of ureteral stents to reduce stent-related complications and potential research directions for the treatment of urinary tract tumors are also briefly discussed, to help guide further innovation in ureteral stent coatings, which contribute to the future progress of ureteral stents surface modification.