Titanium carbide MXene as an efficient electrode material for electrochemical sensors: A review

MXenes, a rapidly expanding family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and/or carbonitrides, have attracted considerable interest for electrochemical sensing owing to their high electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and tuneable surface chemistry. Among them, Titanium Carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ), the first reported MXene (2011), remains the most widely studied. Recent advances show their integration into composites with carbon nanomaterials, polymers, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and quantum dots. This results in sensors having low detection limits, wide linear ranges, and reliable performance in real samples for analytes including neurotransmitters, hormones, clinical biomarkers, microbial metabolites, food analytes, enzymatic by-products and environmental contaminants along with wearable sensors for strain and posture monitoring. Challenges in oxidation stability, scalable synthesis and biocompatibility remain to be addressed to turn laboratory success into dependable diagnostic technologies. Overall, Ti 3 C 2 T x remains a versatile electrochemical-sensing platform.