Self-assembled single-atom nanozyme for enhanced photodynamic therapy treatment of tumor

Hypoxia of solid tumor compromises the therapeutic outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) that relies on localized O₂ molecules to produce highly cytotoxic singlet oxygen (¹O₂) species. Herein, we present a safe and versatile self-assembled PDT nanoagent, i.e., OxgeMCC-r single-atom enzyme (SAE), consisting of single-atom ruthenium as the active catalytic site anchored in a metal-organic framework Mn₃[Co(CN)₆]₂ with encapsulated chlorin e6 (Ce6), which serves as a catalase-like nanozyme for oxygen generation. Coordination-driven self-assembly of organic linkers and metal ions in the presence of a biocompatible polymer generates a nanoscale network that adaptively encapsulates Ce6. The resulted OxgeMCC-r SAE possesses well-defined morphology, uniform size distribution and high loading capacity. When conducting the in situ O₂ generation through the reaction between endogenous H₂O₂ and single-atom Ru species of OxgeMCC-r SAE, the hypoxia in tumor microenvironment is relieved. Our study demonstrates a promising self-assembled nanozyme with highly efficient single-atom catalytic sites for cancer treatment.