Protective Effect of Kaempferol on LPS-Induced Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction in a Coculture Model of Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Intestinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of intestinal mucosa and submucosa, characterized by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier, increased production of inflammatory mediators, and excessive tissue injury. Intestinal epithelial cells, as well as microvascular endothelial cells, play important roles in IBD. To study the potential effects of kaempferol in IBD progress, we established a novel epithelial-endothelial cells coculture model to investigate the intestinal inflammation and barrier function. Data demonstrated an obvious increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (1222 ± 60.40 Ω cm² vs 1371 ± 38.77 Ω cm²), decreased flux of FITC (180.8 ± 20.06 μg/mL vs 136.7 ± 14.78 μg/mL), and up-regulated occludin and claudin-2 expression in Caco-2 that was specifically cocultured with endothelial cells. Meanwhile, 80 μM kaempferol alleviated the drop of TEER, the increase of FITC flux, and the overexpression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) induced by 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, kaempferol also ameliorated the LPS-induced decrease of protein expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-2, together with the inhibited protein expressions of the phosphorylation level of NF-κB and I-κB induced by LPS. Our results suggest that kaempferol alleviates the IL-8 secretion and barrier dysfunction of the Caco-2 monolayer in the LPS-induced epithelial-endothelial coculture model via inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway activation.