Anion–π interactions in lithium–organic redox flow batteries

The anions in electrolytes are the carriers of lithium ions for lithium-organic redox flow batteries. Herein, we reported that the interactions between the electrolyte anions and electron-deficient redox-active organic molecules (anion-π interactions) have strong influences on the battery properties due to the anion-π-induced formation of radical anions or sandwich-like aggregates.