Molybdenum-based materials for alkali metal-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives

Alkali metal-ion batteries (AMIBs) are economical and scalable energy storage devices with high energy densities and long cycle lives. However, the search for suitable anode materials that can host alkali metal ions reversibly and sustainably is a major challenge. Molybdenum (Mo)-based materials have promising crystal structures and high reversible capacities but suffer from sluggish reaction kinetics and large volume changes that lead to structural collapse and degraded electrochemical performance. In this review, we present the latest advancements in Mo-based anode materials, including molybdenum oxides and chalcogenides (S, Se, and Te) and their hybrids, discussing their synthesis methods, electrochemical performance, and working mechanisms. Additionally, researchers have developed innovative strategies to overcome these challenges. We also address the existing challenges and prospects of Mo-based materials for practical application in energy storage. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the morphologies and properties of Mo-based materials and to highlight effective strategies for designing high-performance Mo-based architectures in AMIBs.