Effects of Dietary Isoleucine Supplementation on the Production Performance, Health Status and Cecal Microbiota of Arbor Acre Broiler Chickens

A total of 24,000 healthy 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers with similar initial weights were used in this study and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 400 and 800 mg/kg isoleucine (Ile), denoted CON, ILE400 and ILE800, respectively. Results revealed that the final body weight, average daily weight gain, and eviscerated carcass rate, of broiler chickens in the ILE400 group were significantly higher than in other groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the ILE400 and ILE800 groups had a lower feed conversion rate and a higher survival rate and breast muscle rate (p < 0.05), while the abdominal fat rate was significantly lower than the CON group (p < 0.05). There were significantly lower serum concentrations of UREA, glucose (GLU) and total cholesterol (TCHO) in the ILE400 and ILE800 groups than in the CON group (p < 0.05); glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was significantly higher in the ILE400 group than in the other groups, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentration was considerably lower than in other groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, interleukin (IL)-10 concentration in the ILE800 group was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The ILE400 group significantly down-regulated the mRNA expressions of fatty-acid synthase (FASN) and solid alcohol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), and significantly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and sirtuin1 (Sirt1) (p < 0.05). The ILE400 group had significantly higher intestinal villus height than the CON and ILE800 groups, while the ILE800 group had significantly lower intestinal villus height/crypt depth (p < 0.05). Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing showed that the Shannon index, and Verrucomicrobiota, Colidextribacter and Bacteroides abundances were significantly higher in the ILE400 group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the ILE800 group reduced the Simpson index, phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidota abundances (including genera Colidextribacter, Butyricicoccus, [Ruminococcus]_torques_group, Bacteroides, Alistipes, Barnesiella and Butyricimonas), and increased Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria (including genera Dyella, Devosia, unidentified_Chloroplast and Hyphomicrobium) (p < 0.05). Overall, our study showed that adding 400 mg/kg Ile to the diet (diets total Ile levels at 1.01%, 0.90% and 0.87% during the starter, grower and finisher phases, respectively) increased production performance and improved the health status in broiler chickens.