Advancing wastewater treatment with green and scalable metal–organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to real-world deployment

Abstract The escalating global water crisis demands innovative solutions. This review highlights the transformative role of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in wastewater treatment, integrating green, scalable synthesis (e.g., mechanochemistry, continuous-flow, supercritical fluid methods) with advanced functionalization. It covers diverse pollutants, performance in real matrices, removal mechanisms, and practical deployment platforms. Key challenges and future directions are discussed, offering a roadmap toward sustainable, industrial-scale MOF applications for water purification.