Single-cell transcriptomics analysis reveals that the tumor-infiltrating B cells determine the indolent fate of papillary thyroid carcinoma

Abstract Objective Active surveillance (AS) offers a viable alternative to surgical intervention for the management of indolent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), helping to minimize the incidence of unnecessary treatment. However, the broader adoption of AS is hindered by the need for more reliable diagnostic markers. This study aimed to identify the differences between indolent and progressive PTC and find new targets for biomarker development and therapeutic strategies. Methods We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze cellular differences in 10 early-stage PTC tumors. Findings were validated in an additional 25 tumors using cell co-culture, migration assays, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results Tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIL-B), particularly germinal center B cells (GC-B), were more abundant in indolent PTC. These cells suppressed thyroid cell proliferation in both indolent and progressive cases, though indolent PTC had a higher capacity to recruit peripheral B cells. In indolent cases, TIL-B cells showed increased proliferation and formed clusters within tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). PTPRC-CD22 interactions were identified as potential drivers of TIL-B cell proliferation. Markers linked to GC-B cells, such as LMO2 , were highlighted as potential diagnostic and prognostic indicators for indolent PTC. Conclusion This study provides insights into the cellular landscape of early-stage PTC, revealing distinct tumor and immune microenvironment features in indolent and progressive cases. These findings advance the understanding of indolent PTC biology and support the development of reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.