Tetrastigma polysaccharide reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages via PPARγ signaling pathway to play antitumor activity in breast cancer

Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg (SYQ) is a typical She ethnomedicine that has been used in anti-tumor treatment in Chinese folklore. The polysaccharide of SYQ (SYQ-PA) has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but the effect and mechanism on antitumor is still unclear. To investigate the activity and mechanism of SYQ-PA against breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. In this study, different stages of MMTV-PYMT mice, which at 4-week-old and 8-week-old representative the transition from hyperplasia to late carcinoma, were used to investigate the potential effect of SYQ-PA of breast cancer development in vivo. The mechanism was explored with IL4/13-induced peritoneal macrophages model. Flow cytometry assay was employed to analysis the change of tumor microenvironment and the macrophages typing. The inhibition of the condition medium from macrophages on breast cancer cells was detected with xCELLigence system detection. The inflammation factors were tested with cytometric bead array. Co-culture system was used to detect the cell migration and invasion. In addition, the underlying mechanism was investigated using RNAseq analysis, Q-PCR and Western blot, and the PPARγ inhibitor was used to verify the mechanism. SYQ-PA significantly attenuated the process of breast primary tumor growth and reduced the infiltration of TAMs accompanied promoting the polarization of M1 phenotype in MMTV-PyMT mice. Then in vitro studies showed that SYQ-PA promoted macrophages polarization form IL4/13 induced M2 toward to the anti-tumor M1 phenotypes, and the conditioned medium (CM) from the induced macrophages inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells. At the same time, SYQ-PA treated macrophages inhibited the migration and invasion of 4T1 in the co-culture system. Further results indicated that SYQ-PA suppressed the release of anti-inflammatory factors and promoted the production of inflammatory cytokines which may induce M1 macrophage polarization and inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation. Subsequently, the underlying mechanism analysis based on RNAseq and molecular assays indicated that SYQ-PA inhibited PPARγ expression and regulated downstream NF-κB in macrophages. After treated with PPARγ inhibitor, T0070907, the effect of SYQ-PA was decreased, or even disappeared. As the downstream, the expression of β-catenin was also inhibited obviously, those above all contribute the process of SYQ-PA induced M1 macrophages polarization. Collectively, SYQ-PA was observed inhibited breast cancer, at least in part, via PPARγ activation- and β-catenin-mediated M2 macrophages polarization. These data expound the antitumor effect and mechanism of SYQ-PA, and provide a possible that SYQ-PA can be used as an adjuvant drug for macrophage tumor immunotherapy in breast cancer.