Enhancing wound healing and minimizing scarring: A comprehensive review of nanofiber technology in wound dressings

Wound healing is a complex biological process that, when impaired, can lead to the formation of scars. Electrospun nanofibrous wound dressings have emerged as a promising option for promoting scar-free wound healing. This paper explores the complex role of physical, compositional, and chemical cues, each contributing to the remarkable healing potential of these wound dressings. The physical properties of these dressings, such as porosity and mechanical characteristics, can guide cellular behaviors and promote vascularization, fostering a conducive environment for reduced scarring. Furthermore, the integration of natural polymers that mimic the skin's extracellular matrix, known as compositional cues, adds another layer of complexity to these wound dressings. As chemical cues, therapeutic agents have demonstrated their potential to combat chronic wound scenarios leading to scar formation. However, achieving the desired therapeutic effect hinges on the nature of these agents and their controlled release. Therefore, the paper also delves into various loading techniques for tailoring the release profiles of these bioactive agents. Although electrospun nanofibrous wound dressings are promising as wound dressings, a viable commercial product remains elusive. This gap can be attributed to a lack of comprehensive in vivo studies, particularly in animal models that mimic human wound healing.