Structure–function and pharmacologic aspects of ion channels relevant to neurologic channelopathies

Ion channels are membrane proteins that allow the passage of ions across the membrane. They characteristically contain a pore where the selectivity of certain ion species is determined and gates that open and close the pore are found. The pore is often connected to additional domains or subunits that regulate its function. Channels are grouped into families based on their selectivity for specific ions and the stimuli that control channel opening and closing, such as voltage or ligands. Ion channels are fundamental to the electrical properties of excitable tissues. Dysfunction of channels can lead to abnormal electrical signaling of neurons and muscle cells, accompanied by clinical manifestations, known as channelopathies. Many naturally occurring toxins target ion channels and affect excitable cells where the channels are expressed. Furthermore, ion channels, as membrane proteins and key regulators of a number of physiologic functions, are an important target for drugs in clinical use. In this chapter, we give a general overview of the classification, genetics and structure-function features of the main ion channel families, and address some pharmacologic aspects relevant to neurologic channelopathies.