Micro and nanoplastic pollution in agricultural soils: effects on rhizosphere processes and phytotoxicity

Microplastic and nanoplastic (MPs/NPs) pollution is a major environmental threat affecting ecosystems and human health. Soils contain higher levels of MPs/NPs than oceans, underscoring the urgent need for improved plastic waste management in agriculture. Studies show that MPs/NPs disrupt the rhizosphere by altering soil properties and microbial dynamics, impairing plant growth. This review outlines their fate in terrestrial ecosystems, their rhizosphere impacts, and emphasizing the need to understanding phytotoxicity mechanisms for safe crop production.